The role of melatonin supplementation in modulating insomnia severity: a cross-sectional investigation

Melatonin supplementation in modulating insomnia severity

Abstract

Insomnia, a common sleep disorder, significantly affects well-being and increases health risks. Melatonin, a non-prescription supplement regulating sleep cycles, shows potential benefits, but its effectiveness in different populations, particularly in Saudi Arabia, needs further investigation. This research examines how melatonin supplementation affects insomnia severity in healthy Saudi adults, focusing on dosage, duration, and regional factors in improving sleep quality. A survey-based cross-sectional study was conducted with 190 participants who met specific criteria. Sleep patterns and daytime alertness were assessed using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) before and after melatonin use. Statistical analysis included the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Kruskal-Wallis test, with a significance threshold of p < 0.05. Data from 902 participants showed significant improvements in insomnia symptoms following melatonin use. The largest groups reported using melatonin for 2 to 4 months (32.6%) or 1 to 7 days (29.5%), with 64.2% using doses of less than 5 mg. The median ISI score decreased from 15.0 before melatonin use to 8.0 after use, reflecting a median improvement of 5.0 points (p < 0.001). Similarly, the median ESS score dropped from 12.0 (8.0–15.0) to 9.0 (7.0–11.0), with a median reduction of 2.0 points (p < 0.001). Notable regional differences were observed in ISI scores (p = 0.024), with the largest reductions reported in Medina and Najran. The reliability of the scales was acceptable, with Cronbach's alpha ranging from 0.730 to 0.830. No significant associations were found between ISI scores and age, gender, or melatonin usage duration. Melatonin reduces insomnia and daytime drowsiness, especially at lower doses and with prolonged use. Regional variations suggesting individualized treatment may improve outcomes. Future longitudinal studies could offer deeper insights and optimize melatonin use for sleep management.