Spatiotemporal Shoreline Changes and it’s Local Climate Teleconnection, Ummllajj Province, Saudi Arabia

Abstract

About two-thirds of the world's shorelines are at risk of erosion. Thus, geomorphological studies have been focusing on monitoring changes in shorelines from both temporal and spatial perspectives to support coastal protection planning. Due to limited research puplishers at the local level, this article aimed to (1) examine changes in Ummllajj shoreline, along the eastern coast of the Red Sea, western Saudi Arabia, in different coastal environments (rocky, gravel, and sand) using a time series approach based on Level II Landsat data for 20 years (2000-2019). (2), the local climate teleconnection (wind and sea surface temperature) during the warm season for the detected patterns was examined. To delineate the most representative shoreline, several criteria have been formulated, including (data standards, criteria for the identification and deduction of the shoreline, and standards for detecting indicators ,and measuring  the temporal and spatial change of the shoreline) to increase the scientific representative efficiency of the results. The amount of error in identifying, deducting and analyzing the change to the line was verified.  A new method is developed to determine the actual shoreline and determine the appropriate threshold value for the (MNDWI). Shoreline-change direction was then quantified using the linear regression rate and net shoreline movement, and their climatic linkage was evaluated using the Mann–Kendall test.The results overall showed a prevailing pattern of stability (0.23) in the Ummllajj Provence shoreline and the low decline (-0.87, -0.67) in the city of Ummllajj and the gravel environment, low progress on the rocky environment (0.30) and the sandy environment (0.57).The relationship between local climatic conditions and annual shoreline change revealed a positive correlation (except the rocky shoreline), with significant correlation proportions ranging from 27.5% to 42.7%.These findings provide a vision and understanding of the nature of the change of the shoreline in the study area to guide the management of the coast and adopt policies that allow the maintenance of that stable state of the line.